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The Industrial Revolution began in England around the mid-late 18th century (circa 1760) and continued to peak throughout the 19th century. Its main causes included: the availability of coal and iron, investment capital, a developed banking/financial system, extensive domestic and colonial markets, agrarian changes (enclosure) that released labor into the cities, and technological innovations (e.g., the steam engine).

The Industrial Revolution brought major changes in the 18th and 19th centuries. Economically, it increased production and trade. Socially, it caused urbanization and changes in labor systems. Technologically, it introduced new inventions like the steam engine and mechanized textile production, which later influenced industrial growth around the world.